How digital multimeter works? Explain with diagram
To understand how digital multimeter works, let us see the block diagram of DMM is given below. The working of each block to measure different types of electrical quantities is explained.
Dr. Dattaraj Vidyasagar
M.S. Electronics & Telecomm. (Cleveland Institute of Electronics, Ohio), Associate Member (IETE, Kolkata), Panelist on Dr. Homi Bhabha Foundation, Google certified educator (Level-1), Mentor of Change (MoC-1619) Niti Ayog, Government of India, International Robotics Trainer, Veteran of Applied Electronics since 35+ years.
Read MoreHow digital multimeter works? Explain with diagram
How to measure frequency & phase using Lissajou’s patterns on CRO? Explain with diagrams
To measure the phase different between two waveforms, their frequencies must be same. Connect the two waveforms randomly at x-input and y-input of CRO. Keep time/div knob in x-y mode. Now a Lissajou’s pattern of an ellipse is obtained.
How to measure AC/DC voltage & current using CRO? Explain with diagrams
The CRO is a versatile laboratory instrument. It is used for all types of measurements like AC/DC voltage, AC/DC current, frequency and phase measurements. These methods are explained in details with practice exercise.
How the circuit of CRO works? Explain working of each block with block diagram
The working of block diagram of CRO is given here. The separate working of time base generator is also explained in details of intrinsic stand off ratio.
How to use the front panel controls of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope?
The instrument of CRO is fitted with number of controls on its front panel and the back panel along with the screen of CRT. These are different types of rotating knobs which are actually variable resistors to control voltages inside the CRO circuit.
What is fluorescence Phosphorescence & Persistence in terms of CRT?
What is fluorescence, Phosphorescence & Persistence in terms of CRT? Complete article with correct definitions and details...
How deflection system in CRT work? Explain with diagram
Let us see How deflection system in CRT work? Explain with diagram - The electron beam can be deflected using electric or magnetic field. As per the application of CRT, there are two types of deflection systems used in CRT – the electrostatic deflection system and the magnetic deflection system.
What is Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)? Explain with diagram
Let us see what is Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)? Explain with diagram CRT. The cathode ray tube is the most important part in CRO. It is made up of thick glass (with vacuum inside) and it is shaped like a funnel. There are number different electrodes inside the CRT.
How Colpitt’s Oscillator circuit works?
In previous circuit of Hartley oscillator, we used two coils L1 and L2 and one capacitor C. But in this circuit of Colpitt’s oscillator, we use two capacitors C1 and C2 with a single coil L. Let us discuss about this circuit.
How Hartley Oscillator Circuit works?
In Hartley Oscillator, the combination of L-C is used to produce high output frequency. It consists of one transistor, a tank circuit and the positive feedback to produce oscillations. Its circuit diagram is given below.
How Tank or Resonant Circuit Works?
In LC oscillators, combination of inductor (L) i.e. coil and capacitor (C) are used. When we connect inductor (L) in parallel with capacitor (C), this combination is called tank circuit. We shall understand the working of tank circuit first.
How Wien Bridge Oscillator works? Complete working with circuit
The Wien Bridge Oscillator circuit is an RC oscillator which uses the basic property of Wien Bridge Circuit. It uses to stage amplifier circuit and leading-lagging RC network, as shown in the following block diagram.
How RC Phase Shift Oscillator works? Complete working with circuit
The RC Phase shift oscillator uses common emitter configuration i.e. CE configuration of transistor. It produces 180° phase shift in addition to the phase shift of 180° by the transistor. So we get total 360° phase shift to produce positive feedback.
Introduction to Electronic Oscillators
An electronic oscillator is a circuit which can produce alternating voltage i.e. AC voltage from DC voltage like battery. It consists of semiconductor devices like transistor, MOSFET, etc.
Construction of Uni Junction Transistor (UJT)
UJT has one PN junction with two internal resistances Rb1 and Rb2 such that Rb1 is the internal resistance between base-1 and emitter. And Rb2 is the internal resistance between base-2 and emitter.
Construction of MOSFET
A Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) is also known as the IGFET i.e. insulated gate FET. The schematic constructional diagrams of both n-channel and p-channel MOSFETs are given below.
Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET)
The Junction Field Effect Transistor consists of one long n-channel with two p-layers inserted at the sides. The n-channel forms the conducting path for the charges.
Common Collector Configuration: CC Mode
The small input voltage Vin is amplified by the transistor and we get output voltage Vo across emitter resistor of the transistor. In this configuration, when input signal is positive going, output is also positive and when input is negative output is also negative, as shown in above wave diagram.
Common Emitter Configuration: CE Mode
In this circuit, the emitter is common to both input and output terminals of amplifier circuit. Thus, the input signal is connected between base & emitter and the amplified output signal is taken between collector & emitter, so that emitter is common.
Common Base Configuration: CB Mode
The transistor is used as an amplifier. But in amplifier circuit there two input terminals and two output terminals. However, the transistor has only three terminals. So any one terminal of the transistor is KEPT COMMON to the input and output terminals of amplifier circuit.