Basic Electronics

Right from the basic concepts of voltage and current, laws of electricity, concepts of semiconductors, basic components like resistors, capacitors, inductors, batteries, operational amplifiers, CRO, transducers, communication electronics, logic gates, flip-flops, etc.

diamond cubic structure of si atom

Crystal Structure & Behavior of semiconductor

At temperatures above absolute zero, some electrons are excited out over the band gap into the conduction band. When the electron in pure silicon crosses the gap, it creates a vacancy, known as a hole, in the regular silicon lattice. A hole means actually nothing. But since it can accept an electron to get occupied into it, it is assumed to have a positive charge.
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graph of ac voltage

What is Peak, R.M.S. & Average Value of ac voltage and current

The average value of a waveform, which swings symmetrically above and below zero, will be obviously zero, when measured over a long period of time. Hence, average values of currents and voltages are invariably taken over one complete half-cycle (either positive or negative) rather than over one complete full-cycle (which would result in an average value of zero).
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